Born: 31 August 1842, United Kingdom
Died: 10 June 1906
Country most active: United States
Also known as: NA
The following is republished from the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This piece falls under under public domain, as copyright does not apply to “any work of the U.S. Government” where “a work prepared by an officer or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties” (See, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 105).
Achievement
1872: Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi was the first woman to become a member of the Academy of Medicine.
Biography
Mary Putnam Jacobi was an esteemed medical practitioner and teacher, a harsh critic of the exclusion of women from the professions, and a social reformer dedicated to the expansion of educational opportunities for women. She was also a well-respected scientist, supporting her arguments for the rights of women with the scientific proofs of her time.
Mary Corinna Putnam was born in 1842, in London, England to American parents, George Palmer Putnam and Victorine Haven Putnam. Her parents returned to America in 1848. Mary spent her childhood and adolescence in New York, and was first educated at home by her mother, later at a private school in Yonkers, and then at a public school in Manhattan. At age 17 Mary published an essay in Atlantic Monthly (April 1860). Throughout her life she penned both political essays and fiction, but is best known for her career in medicine, and over 120 scientific articles and 9 books.
Mary Putnam studied at the New York College of Pharmacy in 1861, and received her M.D. from the Female (later Woman’s) Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1864. She convinced the faculty to allow her to sit her examinations early, and in protest over the special allowances made for her, Dean Edwin Fussell resigned after her graduation. Ann Preston, who had argued for Putnam’s early examination, took over his post as America’s first woman dean of a medical school.
Putnam got her first chance to practice medicine from a fellow graduate, Marie Zakrzewska, who founded the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston in 1862. In 1866 Putnam moved to Paris to further her medical training, and supported co-education for men and women, arguing that women’s medical schools could not provide the same training and clinical practice as at established universities affiliated with large hospitals.
Soon she returned to New York and organized the Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women (later the Women’s Medical Association of New York City) in 1872, serving as its president from 1874 to 1903. During the same period, she lectured at the Women’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. As lecturer on materia medica from 1871, and professor of materia medica and therapeutics from 1873 to 1889, she helped raise educational standards.
Putnam married Dr. Abraham Jacobi in 1873. Later called the “father of American pediatrics,” he was instrumental in negotiating her admittance to the medical societies of New York. The Jacobis had three children, though their first daughter died at birth and their only son died at age seven.
In 1876, Dr. Mary Jacobi’s essay, “The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation,” won the Boylston Prize at Harvard University. In this influential paper she refuted the supposed physical limitations of women, in response to Dr. Edward H. Clarke’s publication Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls (1873), which questioned the expanded role of women in society and the professions. Dr. Jacobi provided tables, statistics, and sphygmographic tracings of pulse rate, force, and variations to illustrate the stability of a woman’s health, strength, and agility throughout her monthly cycle. Both her paper and her example offered irrefutable proof of the accuracy of her position.
As an attending and consulting physician, Mary Jacobi opened a children’s ward at the New York Infirmary in 1886. She became a member of the New York Pathological Society and the New York Academy of Medicine, memberships that were vital to securing jobs and colleagues’ respect. Dr. Jacobi’s admission to the Academy of Medicine, earned by a majority of one vote, made her the society’s first female member.
Before her death at age 63, Jacobi wrote a detailed account of her illness, “Description of the Early Symptoms of the Meningeal Tumor Compressing the Cerebellum. From Which the Writer Died. Written by Herself.” Many prominent physicians, including William Osler and Emily Blackwell, honored her at her funeral.
The following bio was written by Emma Rosen, author of On This Day She Made History: 366 Days With Women Who Shaped the World and This Day In Human Ingenuity & Discovery: 366 Days of Scientific Milestones with Women in the Spotlight, and has been republished with permission.
Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi, also known as Mary Putnam, was born in London in 1842. Her father, George Palmer Putnam, was American, while her mother, Victorine Haven Putnam, was from New York City. She was the eldest of eleven children. In 1848, when she was six, her family moved from London to New York City.
Mary Putnam Jacobi made history as the first woman admitted to the University of Paris for medical studies. She was also the first woman to graduate from a pharmacy college in the United States.
Jacobi had a diverse career in medicine, education, science, literature, and women’s suffrage. She advocated for women’s education in medicine and countered the belief that menstruation affected women’s learning ability. She co-founded the League for Political Education and the Women’s Medical Association of New York City. Her significant contributions were honored with her induction into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1993.
From Famous Women: An Outline of Feminine Achievement Through the Ages With Life Stories of Five Hundred Noted Women. Written by Joseph Adelman, published 1926 by Ellis M Lonow Company:
Mary Putnam Jacobi, an American physician, daughter of George P. Putnam the publisher. She was the first woman to graduate from the New York College of Pharmacy, in 1862. Later she spent some time in the Paris hospitals, and studied at the School of Medicine there. After her return to New York she began practice, and was lecturer at the new Women’s Medical College.
In 1873 she was married to the eminent physician, Abraham Jacobi. The following year she organized and became president of the association for the advancement of the medical education of women; and she was the first woman admitted to the New York medical societies and to the American Medical Association.
Her writing on medical subjects was considerable and important, and in 1876 the Boylston essay prize was awarded her by Harvard University.
IW note: She was also the first woman to study medicine at the University of Paris.