Nancy Cook
Activist for woman’s suffrage, protective labor legislation for women, the abolishment of child labor, and world peace.
Activist for woman’s suffrage, protective labor legislation for women, the abolishment of child labor, and world peace.
Graphic designer who worked for the OSS, the precursor to the CIA
Cora Du Bois became interested in anthropology while earning a M.A. in history from Columbia University. Cora then traveled to the American Southwest to pursue further research in anthropology—studying several Native American tribes in Northern California and the Pacific Northwest. She later joined the OSS, the precursor to the modern CIA.
New York-based artist Mickalene Thomas is best known for her elaborate paintings composed of rhinestones, acrylic and enamel. Thomas introduces a complex vision of what it means to be a woman and expands common definitions of beauty.
Disability culture activist and community performance artist
Between 1996 and 1997, three transgender women – known in in court records as A, D and G to protect their identities – were denied gender reassignment surgery by the North West Lancashire Health Authority in England. In 1999, the women brought a legal suit against the Health Authority.
Scholar and one of Eleanor Roosevelt’s earliest female political and feminist mentors
Philanthropist, zoologist, paleontologist, and heiress who established the University of California Museum of Paleontology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
“…in a country like ours, where a woman needs only the courage to enter a profession suitable to her talents and within her powers of accomplishment.” Frances Benjamin Johnston, What a Woman Can do with a Camera
When Frances Benjamin Johnston arrived at Mammoth Cave on October 27, 1891, she was two years into a career as a photojournalist. This was a stepping-stone to becoming one of the first professional photographers; a feat that was rare for men, much less women, at that time.
Johnston was no stranger to journalism or the support of women who walked on the edges of traditional female roles. Her mother, Frances Antoinette Johnston, was a “lady correspondent” who covered congressional activities and other political aspects in Washington, D.C. where Johnston’s father, Anderson Doniphon Johnston, was head bookkeeper for the Treasury Department. Johnston, wanting to illustrate as well as write, studied art at the Académie Julian in Paris, France from 1883-1885. Upon her return to Washington, D. C., Johnston was introduced to the world of freelance journalism, wherein she could illustrate her own articles. As magazine subscriptions spread, photography witnessed its own revolutions with the debut of the new Kodak No. 1, one of the first cameras to feature roll-film. Gifted one by George Eastman in 1887, she began photography under the tutelage of Thomas Smillie at the Smithsonian. Despite the training, she claimed that ignorance of the subject was the key to her success, i.e. she did not know what could not be done.
Johnston’s first major article “Uncle Sam’s Money” appeared in Demorest Family Magazine in 1889 and documents a time when money was made more by hand and less by machine. She was commissioned for many other projects including a series about the White House and the homes of members of President Harrison’s administration. Johnston journeyed to the Kohinoor Mines, Pennsylvania in 1891 where she documented boys sifting slate from coal.
When Johnston and her mother came to Mammoth Cave for Demorest Family Magazine, she was no stranger to challenge. Johnston spent about 3 weeks, making “many weary, and often fruitless, trips” into the cave with her mother, her cave guide Will Garvin, camera equipment, and volatile powder. She developed a technique for conserving powder, using newspaper as a crucible. She used only 12 ounces of powder for her entire battle to “vanquish the archenemy darkness.” Her article “Mammoth Cave by Flashlight” became a huge success and featured 25 pictures that were highly praised.
Johnston admitted that she “wore out one camera after another” paying great attention to detail. Often details that would be omitted from history if not for her. In 1892, Johnston traveled to Chicago, Illinois for the World’s Columbian Exposition. Later, Johnston “enlisted” onboard the U. S. S. Olympia in 1899 in the trade of “snapshots” but “mustered out” after a couple of months when she had finished taking photos for her article. She brought focus to factories where women made shoes and cigar boxes. She captured students in classrooms at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, U. S. Indian Industrial School, and Tuskegee Institute, where George Washington Carver called her the “pluckiest woman I ever saw.” She also made illustrative surveys of schools around Washington D. C. She opened a studio out of her family home in Washington D. C. and began portraiture. She took photos of Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain, Booker T. Washington, Joel Chandler Harris, and Teddy Roosevelt and his family.
After a European tour in 1905, Johnston reframed her career from photojournalism and portraiture to photo-documentation. She became interested in gardens and opened a photographic studio with her partner, Mattie Edwards Hewitt, on Fifth Avenue, New York. She wrote and illustrated a series of lectures on gardens in the United States and Europe featuring the works of many landscape architects of the time. This acted as a gateway into documenting colonial architecture in the southern United States. She began working with the Historic American Buildings Survey and co-authored The Early Architecture of North Carolina with historian Thomas T. Waterman that featured over 240 photographs. Her preservation efforts and advocation for such projects pushed many cities, such as Charleston, SC and New Orleans, LA to instate zoning ordinances to protect historic districts. Verne Chatelain, former National Park Service Historian, credits the zoning ordinances passed in St. Augustine, FL to Johnston’s work.
In 1945, Johnston bought a house on Bourbon Street in New Orleans. She would finally put roots down as a self-proclaimed “octo-geranium” and cultivate her own small garden and cats until her death in 1952.
One of the first individuals to receive gender-affirming surgery in the United States, Simmons was also well-known in Charleston society for her marriage to John Paul Simmons. Theirs was reportedly the first documented interracial marriage in South Carolina.