World renowned performer, World War II spy, and activist are few of the titles used to describe Josephine Baker. One of the most successful African American performers in French history, Baker’s career illustrates the ways entertainers can use their platforms to change the world.
Georgia frontierswoman Nancy Morgan Hart was a legendary hero of the American Revolution who made it her mission to rid the Georgia territory of British Loyalists (Tories). According to various accounts, she captured six, killed one, and oversaw the hanging of five others. She also served as a spy.
Lydia Barrington Darragh was a Philadelphia Quaker who became a Patriot spy during the American Revolution. Her courageous efforts helped prepare General George Washington for an attack by the British in December of 1777.
Known as the “Moses of her people,” Harriet Tubman was enslaved, escaped, and helped others gain their freedom as a “conductor” of the Underground Railroad. Tubman also served as a scout, spy, guerrilla soldier, and nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War. She is considered the first African American woman to serve in the military.
Louise Marie Jeanne Henriette de Bettignies was a French secret agent who spied on the Germans for the British during World War I.
The Culper spy ring, which operated from 1778 to 1780, was an intricate network from British-occupied New York City to Setauket, Long Island, north to Connecticut, and west to George Washington’s headquarters at Newburgh, New York. Agent 355 was the code name of a female spy in the Culper Ring, whose real identity is unknown.
Lise Marie Jeanette de Baissac MBE was an agent of the United Kingdom’s Special Operations Executive (SOE) clandestine organization in France during World War II. The SOE carried out espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents worked with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from Britain. Because the presence of young, able-bodied men would raise suspicions, many SOE agents were women.
As soon as the SOE began recruiting women, de Baissac applied and was accepted for training in May 1942. Female agents were trained as couriers or wireless operators, working for male “organisers,” but de Baissac was identified as having the skills needed to head her own network. Her training took place at Beaulieu, Hampshire, where the commandant wrote that De Baissac was “quite imperturbable and would remain cool and collected in any situation… [s]he was very much ahead of her fellow students.”
On the night of 24 September 1942, de Baissac and Andrée Borrel were the first female SOE agents to parachute into France (Yvonne Rudellat had arrived by boat two months earlier). De Baissac worked a courier – bicycling 100 kilometres or more daily to deliver messages – and liaison officer for her brother Claude’s network in Bordeaux, codenamed Scientist, communicating with networks in Paris and Tours. Her mission as a one-woman network was “to form a new circuit and to provide a centre where agents could go with complete security for material help and information on local details” and to organise the pick-up of arms drops from the UK to assist the French resistance. During her 11 months Poitiers, she received and briefed 13 newly arrived agents and organized departures of agents, resistance leaders, and others traveling to England. She collected air-dropped containers of weapons and supplies, transporting them to safe houses. She also built her own resistance network of recruits.
In September 1944, the de Baissac siblings returned to France, now liberated from German control, as part of the Judex mission to locate lost and captured SOE agents and the French people who had aided them.
Her obituary in The Guardian described her as a “grande dame of the old school: fiercely independent, courageous, elegant and modest.” One British officer stated, “The role she played in aiding the maquis and the resistance in France will never be over-praised and she did much to enable to maquis and resistance’s preparations before the American breakthrough in Mayenne.” Her SOE dossier reads “[S]he was the inspiring-force for the groups in the Orne, and through her initiatives she inflicted heavy losses on the Germans thanks to anti-tyre devices scattered on the roads near Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, Saint-Mars-du-Désert, and even as far as Laval, Le Mans and Rennes. She also took part in armed attacks on enemy columns.”
Ann Katharine Mitchell was a British cryptanalyst and psychologist who worked on decrypting messages encoded in the Germans’ Enigma cypher at Bletchley Park during World War II. She later became a marriage guidance counsellor, then worked for the University of Edinburgh’s Department of Social Administration and wrote several academic books about the psychological effects of divorce on children, including Someone to Turn to: Experiences of Help Before Divorce (1981) and Children in the Middle: Living Through Divorce (1985).
Andrée Raymonde Borrel was a French woman who fought in the French Resistance and worked as an agent for Britain’s clandestine Special Operations Executive during World War II. The purpose of SOE carried out espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance against the Axis powers (particularly Nazi Germany) in occupied Europe. SOE agents worked with resistance groups, supplying them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from Britain.
On 24 September 1942, Borrel (code name “Denise”) and Lise de Baissac (code name “Odile”) became the first female SOE agents to be parachuted into occupied France. Borrel was a member of the SOE’s Prosper circuit, appointed second in command of the circuit in the spring of 1943. Her work included the creation of circuits in Paris and northern France, sabotage, weapons training, and supervising weapons drops. In June 1943, she was arrested by the Gestapo and subsequently executed at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.
Constance Babington Smith MBE FRSL was a British journalist and writer. Having worked for The Aeroplane magazine before World War II, her knowledge of aircraft led her to the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force. She served with the Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) at RAF Medmenham, Buckinghamshire, earning the rank of Flight Officer.
Working on interpretating aerial reconnaissance photographs, Constance was credited with the discovery of the V1 flying bomb at Peenemunde, Germany.
In 1945 she was awarded the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE). After VE-Day (Victory in Europe) on 8 May 1945, Constance was attached to U.S. Air Force Intelligence in Washington, D.C. to continue workingon photographic interpretation, this time for the Pacific theatre. In 1946, she was awarded her the U.S.’s Legion of Merit.